A shorter a minute warm-up plus 5-minute active stretching would have been more appropriate for our protocol [ 2 ]. Another limitation was that we did not check for fatigue evidence e. Another way for controlling for fatigue advent could have been to allow each player deciding his own pace over protocol [ 20 ].
For young players of different age categories, statistically significant differences in ball kicking speed for instep and side-foot kicks with dominant and non-dominant leg between the first team and the reserves were found. In this research, the fastest kick was instep kick with dominant leg whereas the slowest was side-foot kick with non-dominant leg.
Also, significant differences between the first team and reserves could be detected in groups U and U when compared with the older group U Previously research seems to suggest the influence of certain biological factors such as growth spurt and maturation on the selection for the first team.
Soccer kicking can be a quality indicator for assessing the soccer skill performance of players. By assessing soccer kicking performance, relevant results can be obtained in a fast, easy, and efficient way and can be utilized in the selection process of young talents in soccer. The authors thank all the experts, doctors, and soccer player for their participation in this experimental work.
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. PLoS One. Published online May Daniel Boullosa, Editor. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Received Feb 20; Accepted May 3. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Data for the tables. Abstract Success in different soccer skills like kicking depends on motor abilities achieved. Introduction Soccer is a complex sport activity, whose success depends on various variables and factors, including physiological abilities and technical skills [ 1 ] and, among them, one of the most important is the kicking [ 2 ].
Materials and methods Participants One hundred and nineteen male participants that play in Croatian youth soccer leagues were recruited for participation in the present investigation. Design This study is a cross-sectional investigation with the two main objectives: to determine ball kicking speed with dominant and non-dominant leg with two types of soccer kick and to examine differences of players involved in different age categories.
Statistical analysis Basic descriptive statistics were calculated and namely as means or average score AS , standard deviation SD , range— minimum and maximum results Min. Results The current study included young mean age Table 1 Anthropometric data for all participants. Open in a separate window.
Table 2 Reliability of specific shooting tests. Table 3 Ball kicking speed among different age categories and differences between the first team players and the reserves.
Table 4 Pairwise comparisons of AUC curves. Fig 1. Discussion The main objectives of this study were to determine ball kicking speed with dominant and non-dominant leg for two commonly used soccer kicks in different age categories and to determine differences in ball kicking speed between first and second team players.
Conclusions For young players of different age categories, statistically significant differences in ball kicking speed for instep and side-foot kicks with dominant and non-dominant leg between the first team and the reserves were found.
Supporting information S1 Table Data. XLSX Click here for additional data file. Acknowledgments The authors thank all the experts, doctors, and soccer player for their participation in this experimental work. Funding Statement The authors received no specific funding for this work. Data Availability All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information file. References 1. Kellis E, Katis A. Biomechanical characteristics and determinants of instep soccer kick.
J Sports Sci Med. Evaluation of a composite test of kicking performance. J Strength Cond Res. Enhancing motor learning of young soccer players through preventing an internal focus of attention: The effect of shoes colour. A multidisciplinary approach to talent identification in soccer.
J Sports Sci. Game location and team quality effects on performance profiles in professional soccer. The biomechanics of kicking in soccer: a review. Simiyu WW. Analysis of goals scored in the world cup soccer tournament held in South Africa. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. Strength Cond J. Three-dimensional kinetic analysis of side-foot and instep soccer kicks.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. Consistency in acceleration patterns of football players with different skill levels. The curve kick of a football I: impact with the foot.
Sports Eng. Andersen TB, Dorge, Thomsen. Collisions in soccer kicking. Lees A, Nolan L. The biomechanics of soccer: A review. Levanon J, Dapena J. Comparison of the kinematics of the full-instep and pass kicks in soccer. Left-right asymmetry in two types of soccer kick. Sports equipment manufacturers, such as the ASICS Corporation, who are sponsoring the Yamagata project, are also interested in the work.
They hope to use the results to design safer and higher performance sports equipment that can be made faster and more economically than existing products. The movement of players was followed using high-speed video at frames per second, and the impact of the foot on the ball was then studied with finite-element analysis.
In this case, the impact is off-center. This causes the applied force to act as a torque, which therefore gives the ball a spin. This study showed that an increase in the coefficient of friction between the ball and the foot caused the ball to acquire more spin.
There was also more spin if the offset position was further from the center of gravity. Two other interesting effects were observed. First, if the offset distance increased, then the foot touched the ball for a shorter time and over a smaller area, which caused both the spin and the velocity of the ball to decrease.
There is therefore an optimum place to hit the ball if you want maximum spin: if you hit the ball too close or too far from the center of gravity, it will not acquire any spin at all. The other interesting effect was that even if the coefficient of friction is zero, the ball still gains some spin if you kick it with an offset from its center of gravity.
Although in this case there is no peripheral force parallel to the circumference of the ball since the coefficient of friction is zero , the ball nevertheless deforms towards its center, which causes some force to act around the center of gravity. It is therefore possible to spin a football on a rainy day, although the spin will be much less than if conditions were dry. Of course, the analysis has several limitations.
The air outside the ball was ignored, and it was assumed that the air inside the ball behaved according to a compressive, viscous fluid-flow model. Ideally, the air both inside and outside the ball should be included, and the viscosities modeled using Navier-Stokes equations. It was also assumed that the foot was homogeneous, when it is obvious that a real foot is much more complicated than this. Although it would be impossible to create a perfect model that took every factor into account, this model does include the most important features.
Looking to the future, two of us TA and TA also plan to investigate the effect of different types of footwear on the kicking of a ball. Meanwhile, ASICS is combining the Yamagata finite-element simulations with biomechanics, physiology and materials science to design new types of football boots. Ultimately, however, it is the footballer who makes the difference — and without ability, technology is worthless.
So what can we learn from Roberto Carlos? If you kick the ball hard enough for the airflow over the surface to become turbulent, then the drag force remains small and the ball will really fly. If you want the ball to curve, give it lots of spin by hitting it off-center. This is easier on a dry day than on a wet day, but can still be done regardless of conditions.
The ball will curve most when it slows down into the laminar flow regime, so you need to practice to make sure that this transition occurs in the right place — for example, just after the ball has passed a defensive wall. If conditions are wet, you can still get spin, but you would be better off drying the ball and your boots.
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